Examples of Research Methodology In A Research Paper
| Author | Definition |
|---|---|
| Creswell (2014) | The process of collecting information from various sources to address a research problem.” |
| Kerlinger (1986) | “The systematic gathering of data for a specific purpose.” |
| Best & Kahn (2006) | “A methodical process of obtaining information that is relevant to the subject of study.” |
| Leedy & Ormrod (2015) | “The process of gathering facts, figures, and details that can help answer a research question.” |
| Cohen et al. (2018) | “A systematic process in which researchers collect empirical evidence to support their study.” |
| Kumar (2019) | “The process of gathering data using a variety of research methods, ensuring reliability and validity.” |
Source: Google Scholar
💡 Meaning of These Definitions
While the wording differs slightly, all authors agree on several core ideas:
- Systematic Approach – Data must be collected in an organized and consistent way.
- Purpose-Driven – The collection process should always aim to answer specific research questions.
- Relevance & Accuracy – Only reliable and relevant data should be gathered.
📌 Examples for Data Collection Definition By Authors
Creswell (2014)
- Meaning: Emphasizes collecting from diverse sources to gain comprehensive insight.
- Example: Using surveys, interviews, and archival records in a study about online education effectiveness.
Kerlinger (1986)
- Meaning: Highlights the planned and orderly gathering of data.
- Example: Following a fixed schedule to record temperature readings at multiple sites.
Best & Kahn (2006)
- Meaning: Focuses on obtaining only information relevant to the study’s aims.
- Example: Interviewing only certified teachers for a study on teaching methods.
Leedy & Ormrod (2015)
- Meaning: Views data as factual details essential for answering research questions.
- Example: Collecting demographic and purchase history in a consumer behavior study.
Cohen et al. (2018)
- Meaning: Stresses empirical evidence collection to support findings.
- Example: Recording actual classroom interactions to measure student participation.
Kumar (2019)
- Meaning: Encourages using multiple reliable methods for accurate results.
- Example: Combining focus groups, online surveys, and analytics for a marketing study.
Data Collection Process
1. Define Objectives
Clarify what information is needed and why.
2. Select Methods
Choose surveys, interviews, observations, etc.
3. Gather Data
Collect information systematically and ethically.
4. Verify & Store
Check for accuracy, then store securely.
📋 Common Methods of Data Collection
| Method | Description | Best Used For |
|---|---|---|
| Surveys | Structured questionnaires to collect quantitative or qualitative data. | Large-scale opinion polls. |
| Interviews | One-on-one or group discussions for in-depth information. | Detailed case studies. |
| Observation | Recording behaviors or events as they occur naturally. | Ethnographic research. |
| Document Analysis | Reviewing existing records or archives. | Historical or policy studies. |
FAQs
Why is data collection important in research?
Data collection ensures that findings are based on factual, relevant, and reliable information, improving the validity of results.
What are the two main types of data collection?
Primary (first-hand data from participants) and secondary (existing data from prior studies or academic databases).
Which method of data collection is most reliable?
It depends on the study’s purpose, but combining multiple methods often increases reliability.
How do you ensure data accuracy?
By using tested instruments, training data collectors, and applying quality checks.
📝 Conclusion
Data collection, as defined by numerous authors, is the backbone of credible and evidence-based research. While the definitions vary slightly depending on the researcher’s perspective, the central goal remains the same: to gather reliable, relevant, and accurate data to answer research questions and validate findings.
By understanding the meaning and application of these definitions through practical examples, researchers can design effective methodologies that enhance the quality of their results.
Whether the method is structured surveys, in-depth interviews, or observational studies, the careful planning and execution of data collection ensure that the research stands up to academic scrutiny and offers actionable insights.
In today’s digital age, where vast amounts of data are at our fingertips, adopting rigorous data collection practices becomes not just a necessity but a mark of research excellence.
📚 References
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, QuCreswell, JW (2014).. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.
- Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
- Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (2006). Research in Education (10th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
- Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical Research: Planning and Design (11th ed.). Pearson Higher Ed.
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge.
- Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. SAGE Publications.
